Facial asymmetry quantification for expression invariant human identification

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Diversity in Faces (2019, background): “[67].”
On-line selection of discriminative tracking features (2003, methodology): “For example, augmented variance ratio (AVR) has been used for feature ranking as a preprocessing step for feature subset selection [18], [19], [20].”
Preserving privacy by de-identifying face images (2005, unknown): “With the exception of some partial occlusion experiments, where an object randomly occludes part of the face [5], and experiments in facial symmetry [9], ad hoc de-identification methods have not been previously tested against automated face recognition prior to this work.”
Second to fourth digit ratio and facial asymmetry (2004, methodology): “It follows a standard methodology for symmetry detection by means of spatial filtering (see, for details, Dakin & Herbert, 1998; Dakin & Watt, 1994; Liu et al., 2003; O’Mara & Owens, 1996).”
Face verification across age progression (2005, methodology): “On the contrary, Liu et al. [13] and Martinez [42] studied the asymmetries in either halves of the human face and used the same for studying facial expressions.”