Inference in Text Understanding

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Text Understanding from Scratch (2015, background): “Text understanding consists in reading texts formed in nat-ural languages, determining the explicit or implicit meaning of each elements such as words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs, and making inferences about the implicit or explicit properties of these texts(Norvig, 1987).”
Abductive Commonsense Reasoning (2019, background): “, 1988), reading between the lines (Norvig, 1987; Charniak & Shimony, 1990), reasoning about everyday situations (Peirce, 1965b; Andersen, 1973), and counterfactual reasoning (Pearl, 2002; Pearl & Mackenzie, 2018).”
PREG: Elements of a Model of Question Asking (2001, background): “A d ́ score of approximately 4 would mean that the PREG model is perfectly discriminating, generating all of the questions in the Costa (1997) corpus and never generating any questions not in the corpus.”
Models of Data: A Theory of How People Evaluate Data (2001, background): “The model may also incorporate the reasoner’s background knowledge along with information acquired from the text (Collins et al., 1980).”
The relationship between reading comprehension and critical thinking: A theoretical study (2012, background): “For instance, from a schema theory description of reading, comprehension can be conceptualized as a critical thinking act (Anderson and Pearson, 1984; Collins et al., 1980; Norris and Phillips, 1987; Rumelhart, 1980; Aloaili, 2005d).”