The physical origin of the land–ocean contrast in lightning activity

By Earle Williams, Sharon Stanfill. 2002

339 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Environmental Engineering, Global and Planetary Change

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c62327f3a85cbcd4b55628fba70665b9e63c265c

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Citations in the corpus

The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source (2007, background): “Simply speaking, land lightning is dominant because land is hotter than ocean 10 (Williams and Stanfill, 2002).”
Thermodynamic Conditions Favorable to Superlative Thunderstorm Updraft, Mixed Phase Microphysics and Lightning Flash Rate (2005, background): “increase from the 500 m typical of tropical oceanic convection (Betts, 1997; Williams and Stanfill, 2002) to the 3000-m value characteristic for strongly continental convection, despite considerable scatter.”
Lightning and climate: A review (2005, background): “The reality is intermediate and transcends the simplicities of parcel theory (Williams and Stanfill, 2002).”
Deep Convective System Evolution over Africa and the Tropical Atlantic (2007, background): “…of occurrence of lightning over land is believed to be primarily due to higher updraft velocities in continental convection lofting large ice particles and supercooled water into the mixed phase region (LeMone and Zipser 1980; Rutledge et al. 1992; Lucas et al. 1994; Williams and Stanfill 2002).”
WHERE ARE THE MOST INTENSE THUNDERSTORMS ON EARTH (2006, background): “, Zipser 1994), using this fact as evidence for showing ocean storms to be weaker (Lucas et al. 1994; Williams and Stanfill 2002), although some point out that aerosol concentrations may also be a factor (e.”
Observational evidence of aerosol enhancement of lightning activity and convective invigoration (2011, background): “[2] There exists a strong land‐ocean contrast in lightning activity [Zipser, 1994; Williams and Stanfill, 2002].”
Global observations of aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation‐climate interactions (2014, methodology): “The high spatial resolution of the recently launched NPP/VIIRS (375m) allows the retrieval of Na for boundary layer clouds, but Wb has to be estimated by properties such as the surface sensible heat flux and relative humidity [Williams and Stanfill, 2002].”
Lightning enhancement over major oceanic shipping lanes (2017, background): “CCN or AOD and dynamical forcing of convection are also often spatially correlated, such as between land and ocean regions [Williams and Stanfill, 2002].”
Aerosol cloud precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols (2008, background): “…biomass smoke, enhance the likelihood of lightning strikes, which then can ignite vegetation and lead to further smoke production (Lyons et al., 1998; Vonnegut et al., 1995; Murray et al., 2000; Williams and Stanfill, 2002; Smith et al., 2003; Williams and Sátori, 2004; Rosenfeld et al., 2007b).”
Cosmic Rays and Climate (2005, background): “However, studies of lightning activity over the Amazon [159] and over islands of sizes spanning ocean-like to continental-like rates [160, 161] do not support the aerosol hypothesis—although they are unable to rule it out.”