Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment.

By A. Fakhru’l-Razi, A. Pendashteh, L. Abdullah, D. R. A. Biak, S. S. Madaeni, Zurina Zainal Abidin. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009

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Direct contact membrane distillation for treatment of oilfield produced water (2014, background): “The produced water contains various organic and inorganic fractions including dissolved and dispersed oil compounds, dissolved minerals, production chemical compounds, production solids and dissolved gases [3].”
Superoleophobic surface modification for robust membrane distillation performance (2017, background): “Managing produced water has become a consequential part of the sustainable development of the oil and gas industry due to stringent environmental legislations, severe strain on water resources, and escalating costs of wastewater disposal [2].”
Biological treatment of oil and gas produced water: a review and meta-analysis (2018, neutral): “Previous publications have reviewed existing produced water treatment technologies (Arthur et al. 2005; Dahm and Chapman 2014; Fakhru’l-Razi et al. 2009; Guerra et al. 2011; Hansen and Davies 1994; Igunnu and Chen 2012; Jimenez et al. 2018; Robinson 2013a, b, c).”