Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation

By D. Hanaor, C. Sorrell. 2011

3,115 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is an important photocatalytic material that exists as two main polymorphs, anatase and rutile. The presence of either or both of these phases impacts on the photocatalytic performance of the material. The present work reviews the anatase to rutile phase transformation. The synthesis and properties of anatase and rutile are examined, followed by a discussion of the thermodynamics of the phase transformation and the factors affecting its observation. A comprehensive analysis of the reported effects of dopants on the anatase to rutile phase transformation and the mechanisms by which these effects are brought about is presented in this review, yielding a plot of the cationic radius versus the valence characterised by a distinct boundary between inhibitors and promoters of the phase transformation. Further, the likely effects of dopant elements, including those for which experimental data are unavailable, on the phase transformation are deduced and presented on the basis of this analysis.

Subfields: Inorganic Chemistry, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c58907f3852782f784cb99e8dc202eb463ccf2bc

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment

1. S. Pillai
2. C. Byrne
3. S. Hinder
4. M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
5. M. Nolan
6. Oluwafunmilola Ola

Citations in the corpus

• Machine Learning Band Gaps of Doped-TiO2 Photocatalysts from Structural and Morphological Parameters (2020, background): “11,12 Transition metals, such as Cu, and rare-earth metals, such as La, lead to the lattice deformation and the formation of oxygen vacancies, resulting in an impurity state in the TiO 2 band gap, which improves the absorption of visible light by narrowing the band gap.”
• Review: Hydrothermal technology for smart materials (2016, background): “These polymorphs exhibit different properties and consequently different photocatalytic performances.(72) Reports of TiO2 with different shapes such as nanoparticles, thin films, nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes have spurred a great interest in studies on TiO2 nanostructure synthesis and their appl”
• Review of material design and reactor engineering on TiO2 photocatalysis for CO2 reduction (2015, background): “the phase transformation to rutile [143].”
• Hydrothermal Synthesis of rGO-TiO2 Composites as High-Performance UV Photocatalysts for Ethylparaben Degradation (2020, result): “comparison with the materials synthetized in each laboratory [81,82].”
• Effect of Cu doping on the anatase-to-rutile phase transition in TiO2 photocatalysts: Theory and experiments (2019, background): “These include ease of preparation, strong oxidising ability, long term stability, nontoxicity, high refractive index, high dielectric constant and low cost [5,6].”