A timing constraint on the (total) mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud

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The research leading to these results has received ERC funding under the programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement no. 308024.

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The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2019, background): “…2017; Deason et al. 2019b), the orbits of tidal streams (e.g. Gibbons et al. 2014; Bowden et al. 2015), the luminosity function of the MW satellites (e.g. Busha et al. 2011; Cautun et al. 2014b) and the dynamics of the Local Group (e.g. Li & White 2008; Diaz et al. 2014; Peñarrubia et al. 2016).”
The total mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud from its perturbation on the Orphan stream (2018, methodology): “Second, accounting for the LMC in the timing argument between the Milky Way and M31, as well as in the nearby Hubble flow, gives an LMC mass of 2.5 × 1011 M (Peñarrubia et al. 2016).”
The upper bound on the lowest mass halo (2016, methodology): “Since our zoom-in simulations were not explicitly chosen to host a subhalo as massive as the LMC’s (Mvir ∼ 1011M , from e.g. Moster et al. 2013; Peñarrubia et al. 2016), and such massive subhalos are rare around MWs in ΛCDM (Boylan-Kolchin et al. 2011), it would not be a fair comparison to include…”