Equivalence of Virtual Synchronous Machines and Frequency-Droops for Converter-Based MicroGrids

By Salvatore D'Arco, Jon Are Suul. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2014

597 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Control and Systems Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c56abcd8bf3af48647d5a36d0b61a4666700c138

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Citations in the corpus

Transient Stability Analysis and Control Design of Droop-Controlled Voltage Source Converters Considering Current Limitation (2019, background): “VSCs under large disturbances, as the P-f droop is equivalent to the rotor swing dynamics of synchronous generators [28].”
Small-Signal Modeling and Parameters Design for Virtual Synchronous Generators (2016, methodology): “It was pointed out that the VSG can be considered to be controlled with a droop control method together with virtual inertia introduced by a first-order low-pass filter in the power loop [10].”
Grid-Synchronization Stability of Converter-Based Resources—An Overview (2020, background): “the basic droop control, which has been proven equivalent to the basic VSG control [33], and they are categorized as the second-order power control.”
On the Inertia of Future More-Electronics Power Systems (2019, background): “models can further be simplified [84]–[87], [89]–[91], [93].”
Power System Stability With a High Penetration of Inverter-Based Resources (2023, methodology): “The Newtonian mechanics in (1) also apply to GFM inverters with the state of the low-pass filter (LPF) in the frequency droop controller equivalent to the rotor speed [20].”
Revisiting Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverters: A Duality Theory (2021, background): “As will be discussed in Section III and as noted in [4], [5], this LPF also provides virtual inertia.”
Control Techniques in AC, DC, and Hybrid AC–DC Microgrid: A Review (2018, background): “An equivalence between a virtual synchronous machine (a VSC that mimics a synchronous machine) and the microgrid frequency-droop control is presented in [48].”
Grid-Forming Inverters: A Critical Asset for the Power Grid (2020, background): “As mentioned earlier, the inputs and outputs are reversed with inverter power being the output and the terminal inverter angle being a feedback input [11].”
Distributed Power System Virtual Inertia Implemented by Grid-Connected Power Converters (2018, unknown): “Similar synchronous generator models can be found in [15], [25], [26], and [27] provides guidelines for VSG design.”
Synchronous Instability Mechanism of P-f Droop-Controlled Voltage Source Converter Caused by Current Saturation (2016, background): “The basic idea of the P-f droop control is to emulate the external characteristic of synchronous generators (SG) which share power according to a droop scheme [3], [4].”
Transient Angle Stability of Virtual Synchronous Generators Using Lyapunov’s Direct Method (2019, background): “Similar to the active power control loop, the time constant of the reactive power control loop can be calculated by τv = K/Dq (7) It is known that in RSGs, the process of establishing field flux is much faster than the motion of the mechanical rotor [21].”
Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications (2021, background): “In [36], the authors have shown the droop control with a low-pass filter and the VSG are mathematically equal, and the droop control with a low-pass filter is a special case of the VSG.”
Transient Stability of Voltage-Source Converters With Grid-Forming Control: A Design-Oriented Study (2020, background): “Although unintentionally, the use of LPFs introduces a virtual inertia to the VSC, similar to that in the VSG [18].”