Catalytic microtubular jet engines self-propelled by accumulated gas bubbles.

By A. Solovev, Y. Mei, Esteban Bermúdez Ureña, Gaoshan Huang, Oliver G. Schmidt. Small, 2009

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Three-Dimensional Magnetic Manipulation of Micro- and Nanostructures for Applications in Life Sciences (2013, methodology): “Depending on the task-at-hand, researchers have proposed strategies such as using stick-slip methods based on thermal expansion [5] or electrostatic actuation [6], catalytic reactions [7], using biological organisms for propulsion [8], and electromagnetic actuation [9]–[12].”
Active Particles in Complex and Crowded Environments (2016, methodology): “…wall of these microjets (consisting of, e.g., Pt) decomposes H2O2 into H2O and O2; the produced O2 accumulates inside the tube and forms gas bubbles, which are ejected from one tube extremity, thus causing the propulsion of the microjet in the opposite direction (Solovev et al., 2009, 2010).”
Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedicine: Delivery, Surgery, Sensing, and Detoxification (2017, background): “These different propulsion principles have led to several micro/ nanorobotic prototypes, including fuel-powered tubular microrockets (30), magneticallyactuated helical swimmers (31), ultrasound-powered nanowire motors (32), and spermpowered biohybrid microrobot (33) (Fig.”
Biomedical Applications of Untethered Mobile Milli/Microrobots (2015, neutral): “designs include the microtubular jet microrobot [42] and the”