CARD15/NOD2 functions as an antibacterial factor in human intestinal epithelial cells.

By T. Hisamatsu, Manabu Suzuki, H. Reinecker, W. Nadeau, B. McCormick, D. Podolsky. Gastroenterology, 2003

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NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2–mediated T helper type 1 responses (2004, methodology): “For this, we transfected the HT-29 intestinal cell line, which does not normally express either NOD2 (ref”
NOD2 (CARD15) mutations in Crohn’s disease are associated with diminished mucosal α-defensin expression (2004, background): “have also been demonstrated to express this putative receptor. It has been demonstrated that colonic epithelial cells with NOD2 mutations display a disturbed response against salmonella, supporting the hypothesis of a deficient antimicrobial response of epithelial cells.”
Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (2004, unknown): “76 To compare the bacterial microflora between CARD15/NOD2 positive and non-affected patients, all CD patients were checked for CARD15/NOD2 mutations by SNP genotyping.”