Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments

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Processing of wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: a review (2016, methodology): “High-intensity ultra-sonication (HIUS) Another usefulmechanical technique that has been used to extract cellulose nanomaterials is high-intensity ultrasonication (Mishra et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2011a, b, c; Cheng et al. 2010; Wang and Cheng 2009; Zhao et al. 2007).”
Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose via low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted sulfuric acid hydrolysis (2014, methodology): “All of the above results supported the conclusion that the molecular structures of cellulose remained unchanged in the presence of sulfuric acid hydrolysis process and ultrasonic treatment (Chen et al. 2011a).”