Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents

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Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. (2011, background): “However, the IOMreport says that theblood level should be at least 20 ng/ml, which implies that consuming even 300 IU/d is not adequate for infants (20, 47, 77).”
Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. (2010, background): “For example, this incidence fell from 20% to 0.03% between 1938 and 1962 in the USA, and from 15–26% to 0.06% between 1950– 1960 and 1990 in France.”
The National Osteoporosis Foundation’s position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations (2016, background): “It is important to note that the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that infants who are breast-fed and children and adolescents who consume less than 1 L of vitamin D-fortified milk per day will likely need supplementation to reach 400 IU of vitamin D per day [285].”