Functionally graded material of 304L stainless steel and inconel 625 fabricated by directed energy deposition: Characterization and thermodynamic modeling

By Beth E. Carroll, R. Otis, J. Borgonia, J. Suh, R. P. Dillon, Andrew A. Shapiro, D. Hofmann, Zi-kui Liu, Allison M. Beese. 2016

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Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties (2018, methodology): “Both microcracks [602,604] spanning no more than a layer and macrocracks spanning the entire sample [597,598,600] have been observed.”
Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice (2020, methodology): “In additive manufacturing, this can be accomplished through a precise control of process parameters [90,96].”
Additive manufacturing for energy: A review (2020, background): “[61] Carroll BE, Otis RA, Borgonia JP, Suh J-O, Dillon RP, Shapiro AA, et al.”
Metal Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing: A Literature Review (2020, background): “Direct energy deposition [20, 45-55]  Large build volume possible  Graded materials capability  Good mechanical properties  Ability to build on or repair parts  High cost (both machine depreciation and operation)  Low resolution  Significant residual stress  Relatively rough surface”
An overview of functionally graded additive manufacturing (2018, methodology): “The laser-based DED can be used to fabricate metallic parts with a gradient in composition by adjusting the volume of metallic powders delivered to the melt pool as a ―function of position‖ [Caroll, 2016].”