Optimal serum cotinine levels for distinguishing cigarette smokers and nonsmokers within different racial/ethnic groups in the United States between 1999 and 2004.

By N. Benowitz, J. Bernert, R. Caraballo, David B. Holiday, Jiantong Wang. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2009

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Prevalence and patterns of cigarette smoking before and during early and late pregnancy according to maternal characteristics: the first national data based on the 2003 birth certificate revision, United States, 2016 (2019, background): “It was assumed that women who reported smoking in pregnancy were active smokers because nonsmokers would be less likely to report active smoking [43].”
Low birthweight in term singletons mediates the association between maternal smoking intensity exposure status and immediate neonatal intensive care unit admission: the E-value assessment (2020, background): “It was assumed that women who reported smoking were smokers, because nonsmokers would be less likely to report active smoking during pregnancy [33].”
Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and Biomarkers (2009, background): “Renal clearance of cotinine is much less than the glomerular filtration rate (Benowitz et al. 2008b).”