Black-legged kittiwakes as indicators of environmental change in the North Sea: Evidence from long-term studies

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Changes in Canadian seabird populations and ecology since 1970 in relation to changes in oceanography and food webs (2009, background): “Because of the expense and technical difficulty of sampling marine resources, especially offshore, seabirds present an especially attractive option for monitoring marine environments (Cairns 1987; Vermeer 1992; Piatt et al. 2007; Wanless et al. 2007; Parsons et al. 2008).”
Diet studies of seabirds: a review and recommendations (2007, background): “Another major concern is the reduction in food availability to seabirds that may result from climate change or fisheries (Tasker et al., 2000; Furness 2002, 2003; Wanless et al., 2007).”
Spatial ecology and conservation of seabirds facing global climate change: a review (2009, unknown): “In contrast, the early 21st century has witnessed major breeding failures along the North Sea coast of the UK, clearly demonstrating that land-based seabird conservation is not sufficient (Wanless et al. 2007).”
Regional and annual variation in black-legged kittiwake breeding productivity is related to sea surface temperature (2007, background): “Throughout, we assumed that kittiwakes mainly depend on 1-yr-old sandeels for successful breeding (Frederiksen et al. 2004, Wanless et al. 2007) and that a strong year class of 0-group sandeels will lead to high availability to kittiwakes in the following year.”