Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines

By J. Geldmann, M. Barnes, L. Coad, Ian D. Craigie, Marc Hockings, Neil D. Burgess. 2013

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A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas (2016, positive): “A key factor limiting the resolution of this debate is the insufficient evidence base, which is currently limited to individual case studies, with few studies specifically testing causal pathways (e.g., Andam et al. 2010) and lack of a global analysis (Geldmann et al. 2013).”
Protected areas are now the last strongholds for many imperiled mammal species (2020, background): “…thenumber of threatened vertebrates included in PAs is increasing as a consequence of an expanding PA estate (Venter et al., 2014) and there is evidence that some PAs have been effective at maintaining, or even enhancing wildlife populations (Geldmann et al., 2013; Walston, Stokes, & Hedges, 2016).”
The performance of African protected areas for lions and their prey (2017, positive): “Protected areas (PAs) are critical to the protection of biodiversity and habitat integrity (Geldmann et al., 2013).”