Experimental Evidence Concerning Spear Use in Neandertals and Early Modern Humans

By D. Schmitt, S. Churchill, W. Hylander. 2003

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The meaning of Neandertal skeletal morphology (2009, unknown): “This argument is certainly relevant to the foraging, manipulative, or mobility activities that have been proposed to explain certain Neandertal traits (16, 17).”
The Evolution of the Human Capacity for “Killing at a Distance”: The Human Fossil Evidence for the Evolution of ProjectileWeaponry (2009, background): “…spears (and similar Middle/Late Pleistocene fossil spears from Lehringen and Clacton: Oakley et al., 1977) relative to ethnohistorically documented throwing and thrusting spears has led some to question their use as true projectiles (Schmitt et al., 2003; Shea, 2006; see also Oakley et al., 1977).”
Long bone robusticity and subsistence behaviour among Later Stone Age foragers of the forest and fynbos biomes of South Africa (2004, background): “The level of asymmetry in mid-distal humerus torsional strength among the forest biome males is higher than that which has been reported for other populations of modern humans, but lower than values for Neanderthals and Late Upper Palaeolithic foragers [62].”