Electrospinning of polymeric and ceramic nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays

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Preparation, structure and supercapacitance of bonded carbon nanofiber electrode materials (2011, background): “Improved electrospinning techniques have been able to produce aligned nanofiber arrays [19–21], nanofibers with porous surfaces [22] and bicomponent cross-sectional configurations (e.”
Electrospinning of nanofibers and their applications for energy devices (2015, background): “in enhancing alignment of electrospun NFs by using special designed collectors, such as rotating drum [13], metal frame [14], or two conductive substrates separated by a gap [15].”
Potential of Nanofiber Matrix as Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds (2005, neutral): “77 used a special kind of collector composed of two pieces of electrically conductive substrates separated by a gap, the width of which could be varied from hundreds of micrometers to several centimeters.”
A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies (2006, methodology): “At a greater distance, the electrospinning jet may not deposit across the gap or the electrospun fibres may break under its own weight, especially if the fibre is of smaller diameter (Li et al 2003).”
Direct-write PVDF nonwoven fiber fabric energy harvesters via the hollow cylindrical near-field electrospinning process (2014, background): “Wang [19] has modified the electric field for better alignments and the application of fundamental physics and chemistry for better process controls [20].”