The effect of dynamics on mixed-phase clouds: Theoretical considerations

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Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles (2017, background): “In mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) the role of ice crystals is particularly important because ice can in-ﬂuence the supercooled liquid water content through the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process (Korolev 2007; Korolev and Field 2008).”
Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate (2010, background): “We focus on measurements applicable to mixed-phase cloud conditions for which liquid cloud droplets are sustained against consumption by nucleating and growing ice crystals, a critical step in the formation of precipitation (16).”
Mixed-Phase Clouds: Progress and Challenges (2017, background): “A darker color indicates the water phase where the water mass is accumulating. conditions for turning an ice cloud into a mixed-phase cloud during vertical motion (Korolev and Field 2008).”
On the Representation of High-Latitude Boundary Layer Mixed-Phase Cloud in the ECMWF Global Model (2014, background): “…vertical motion may be driven by cloud-top radiative cooling, evaporative cooling due to entrainment, or shear, and often weak updrafts of a few tens of centimeters per second are sufficient for the maintenance of the liquid layer (Rauber and Tokay 1991; Shupe et al. 2008a; Korolev and Field 2008).”