An implicit, exact dual adjoint solution method for turbulent flows on unstructured grids

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Review of Output-Based Error Estimation and Mesh Adaptation in Computational Fluid Dynamics (2011, methodology): “Park solves the linear adjoint equation using a dual-consistent timemarching method [52,53] and adapts on the remaining error (Eq.”
Effective adjoint approaches for computational fluid dynamics (2019, unknown): “FUN3D NASA Fortran Hand derived Fixed point [10, 161] HYDRA Rolls–Royce‡ Fortran Transformation AD Fixed point [25, 170]”
Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Using First and Second Order Adjoint and Direct Approaches (2008, methodology): “adjoint equations to the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model equations are solved together with the mean flow equations in [117–119], while in [69], an equivalent formulation of the turbulent adjoint equations is presented using the k– turbulence model.”