Potential Enthalpy: A Conservative Oceanic Variable for Evaluating Heat Content and Heat Fluxes

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Algorithms for Density, Potential Temperature, Conservative Temperature, and the Freezing Temperature of Seawater (2006, methodology): “5 of McDougall (2003)], but from the second law of thermodynamics, we know that entropy is not a conservative variable since there is a net production of entropy whenever diffusion and mixing occur.”
Accurate polynomial expressions for the density and specific volume of seawater using the TEOS-10 standard (2015, methodology): “It typically differs by a few tenth of ◦C in the world oceans, especially in the low salinity tropical band, the high salinity subtropical Atlantic regions or the closedMediterranean and Baltic seas (McDougall, 2003).”
A Gibbs function for seawater thermodynamics for -6 to 80 °C and salinity up to 120gkg-1 (2008, background): “Specific enthalpy is further necessary for the calculation of mixing heat (Fofonoff, 1962) or of conservative quantities like potential enthalpy (McDougall, 2003).”
OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (2016, background): “Apart from warming caused by the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (as well as another smaller term), potential enthalpy is a conservative variable in the ocean (McDougall, 2003; Graham and McDougall, 2013), meaning that it satisfies a scalar conservation equation analogous to a source-free ma”