Interactions with Search Systems

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Social Data: Biases, Methodological Pitfalls, and Ethical Boundaries (2019, background): “For example, in a web search scenario, the true objective criterion may be user satisfaction, but this is often approximated by behavioral signals such as clicks or query reformulations (White, 2016).”
An Introduction to Neural Information Retrieval (2018, unknown): “Retrieval of information can take many forms (White, 2016).”
Opportunities and challenges in search interaction (2018, background): “” There is some truth to this for fact-finding and navigational searches, but the interaction model and the underlying algorithms are still brittle in the face of complex tasks and other challenges, for example, presenting results in nonvisual settings such as smart speakers.(15) As a community, we ”
Auditing Search Engines for Differential Satisfaction Across Demographics (2017, background): “Moreover, since user satisfaction cannot be measured at scale using explicit feedback, search engines often rely on implicit feedback based on behavioral signals, such as the number of clicks or the dwell time (i.e., the time spent on a page) [42].”