Machine Translation of Languages: Fourteen Essays

By Martin Joos, William N. Locke, A. Booth. 1956

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Assessing gender bias in machine translation: a case study with Google Translate (2018, background): “…of an “universal language” (Dascal, 1982), machine translation has only existed as a technological ﬁeld since the 1950s, with a pio-neering memorandum by Warren Weaver (Locke & Booth, 1955; Weaver, 1955) discussing the possibility of employing digital computers to perform automated translation.”
Hope and Fear for Discriminative Training of Statistical Translation Models (2012, background): “…1993; Och et al., 1999): drawing on theinsight of Warren Weaver in 1947 that “translation could conceivably be treated as a problem in cryptography” (Locke and Booth, 1955), they treated translation as the inverse of a process in whichtarget-language utterances are generated by al nguage modeland…”