Prevalence of alien versus native species of woody plants in Berlin differs between habitats and at different scales.

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The Anthropocene biosphere (2015, background): “In Berlin alone, there are some 839 native species of plants and 593 alien species (Kowarik, 1990), while alien woody plants in Berlin’s flora have grown from 16% in the 18th century to 67% today (Kowarik et al., 2013).”
Black, Grey and Watch Lists of alien species in the Czech Republic based on environmental impacts and management strategy (2016, background): “Urban areas are a significant source of alien species (Aronson et al. 2014, Kowarik et al. 2013), but they also fill important ecosystem services with wide socio-economic implications.”
Small urban centres as launching sites for plant invasions in natural areas: insights from South Africa (2017, background): “Therefore the pattern of dominance by tall woody species in the invasive component of these most abundant plants (Table 1) echoes findings by Kowarik et al. (2013) from Berlin and should raise concern here because the same growth form also accounts for the majority of species that are currently…”