The latent demand for bank debt: characterizing “discouraged borrowers”

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Innovation, SMEs and the liability of distance: the demand and supply of bank funding in UK peripheral regions (2016, background): “However, Freel et al. (2012) use a large sample of over 9,000 firms but find no statistically significant evidence that innovative firms are more likely to be discouraged.”
Stigma and business failure: implications for entrepreneurs’ career choices (2014, background): “For it is through these information repositories that social, economic, and legal actors of a country brand entrepreneurs and their businesses as legitimate or illegitimate, and, in effect, discourages their entrepreneurial activity (Freel et al. 2012).”
The cost of growth: small firms and the pricing of bank loans (2015, unknown): “…the perception of finance as a barrier to growth, recent empirical research has provided evidence that growth firms are more likely to have their loan applications refused (Riding et al. 2012), face loan scaling (Freel 2007), and identify themselves as discouraged borrowers (Freel et al. 2010).”