Invention in the city: Increasing returns to patenting as a scaling function of metropolitan size

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Technological complexity and economic growth of regions (2020, background): “The literature on urban scaling has shown that populated places are more productive with respect to socio-economic outcomes such as GDP and innovation (Bettencourt et al., 2007).”
Urban Networks: Connecting Markets, People, and Ideas (2016, neutral): “uc,t = ( hc,t τ )τ ( q c,t 1− γi − τ )1−γi−τ (gi c,tGc,t γi )γi , (9)”
Creative industries in the netherlands: structure, development, innovativeness and effects on urban growth (2008, background): “The metropolitan area of Amsterdam is a concentration area of all the three domains of the creative industries (cf. Bettencourt et al. 2007), while the province of Utrecht is particularly strong in media and publishing.”
A theoretical framework for evolutionary economic geography: industrial dynamics and urban growth as a branching process (2007, background): “city size and innovation (Bettencourt et al., 2007) indeed supports these relationships.”
Research Networks and Inventors' Mobility as Drivers of Innovation: Evidence from Europe (2013, background): “A number of empirical analyses have recently been conducted in a KPF framework by BETTENCOURT et al. (2007a, 2007b), FLEMING et al. (2007), and LOBO and STRUMSKY (2008) for the case of US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs).”