Understanding Enso Physics—A Review

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Global Warming and the Weakening of the Tropical Circulation (2007, background): “1 © 2007 American Meteorological Society JCLI4258 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 03/15/22 06:28 PM UTC and Cane 1987; Jin 1997; Wang and Picaut 2004) and the Indian Ocean dipole–zonal mode (IODZM; e.g., Saji et al. 1999; Webster et al. 1999; Yamagata et al. 2004).”
ENSO representation in climate models: from CMIP3 to CMIP5 (2013, background): “The zonal structure of the coupled system at the equator is a main factor that determines the interaction between ENSO and the mean state (Wang and Picaut 2004).”
El Niño–mean state–seasonal cycle interactions in a multi-model ensemble (2006, background): “1998 ; Fedorov and Philander 2001 ; Burgers and van Oldenborgh 2003 ; Wang and Picaut 2004 ) : the S - mode resulting from local SST – winds interactions in the central - east Pacific , implying surface east to west propagation of SST anomalies and low amplitude events with a 2 – 3 years frequency…”
Does Model Parameter Error Cause a Significant “Spring Predictability Barrier” for El Niño Events in the Zebiak–Cane Model? (2012, background): “the review by Wang and Picaut (2004)]; however, there remain considerable uncertainties in realistic ENSO”