Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease
By C. Petersen, June L. Round. Cellular Microbiology, 2014
1,030 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Mammalian immune system development depends on instruction from resident commensal microorganisms. Diseases associated with abnormal immune responses towards environmental and self antigens have been rapidly increasing over the last 50 years. These diseases include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type I diabetes (T1D), allergies and asthma. The observation that people with immune mediated diseases house a different microbial community when compared to healthy individuals suggests that pathogenesis arises from improper training of the immune system by the microbiota. However, with hundreds of different microorganisms on our bodies it is hard to know which of these contribute to health and more importantly how? Microbiologists studying pathogenic organisms have long adhered to Koch's postulates to directly relate a certain disease to a specific microbe, raising the question of whether this might be true of commensal–host relationships as well. Emerging evidence supports that rather than one or two dominant organisms inducing host health, the composition of the entire community of microbial residents influences a balanced immune response. Thus, perturbations to the structure of complex commensal communities (referred to as dysbiosis) can lead to deficient education of the host immune system and subsequent development of immune mediated diseases. Here we will overview the literature that describes the causes of dysbiosis and the mechanisms evolved by the host to prevent these changes to community structure. Building off these studies, we will categorize the different types of dysbiosis and define how collections of microorganisms can influence the host response. This research has broad implications for future therapies that go beyond the introduction of a single organism to induce health. We propose that identifying mechanisms to re‐establish a healthy complex microbiota after dysbiosis has occurred, a process we will refer to as rebiosis, will be fundamental to treating complex immune diseases.
Subfields: Biological Psychiatry, Dermatology, Molecular Biology
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c10be70a2ea3030b680cb708356c731a8b1fa799
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Citations in the corpus
- The healthy human microbiome (2016, background): “Like the concept of the pathogenicity of a single microbial taxon, dysbiosis of a microbial community can be difficult to define but could be considered as a perturbation that departs from an otherwise balanced ecology [1] to prolong, exacerbate, or induce a detrimental health effect.”
- Neuroinflammation and depression: A review (2020, background): “Additionally, gut dysbiosis, resulting from the interruption in the balance of microbiota, has been suggested to favour neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or depression (Luca, Mauro, Mauro, & Luca, 2019; Petersen & Round, 2014).”