The influence of peak-locking errors on turbulence statistics computed from PIV ensembles

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Inclined cross-stream stereo particle image velocimetry measurements in turbulent boundary layers (2005, background): “Christensen (2004) has shown that the errors due to pixel locking become more acute for low mean pixel displacements, and that where fluctuating displacements have magnitudes of less than 0.”
On the uncertainty of digital PIV and PTV near walls (2012, background): “As peak locking has a dramatic effect on the higherorder statistics of velocity profiles, according to Christensen (2004), measurements with a significant amount of small particles are not suited for high-precision flow analysis and should be considered with care.”
Measurement of laminar, transitional and turbulent pipe flow using Stereoscopic-PIV (2007, background): “Monte–Carlo simulations by Foucaut et al. (2004) showed that for this shear rate the RMS of the estimated particle displacement is approximately 0.14 px, which is not to far from the observed value of 0.18 px in Fig.”
Limitations of accuracy in PIV due to individual variations of particle image intensities (2009, background): “The remaining systematic error of the displacement estimate is periodic with respect to the discrete resolution of the sensor, yielding the “pixel locking” or “peak locking” [7, 8, 9, 10, 11] and limits the achievable accuracy.”