Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus

By D. Conley, Hans W. Paerl, R. Howarth, D. Boesch, S. Seitzinger, K. Havens, C. Lancelot, Gene E. Likens. Science, 2009

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A novel model for cyanobacteria bloom formation: the critical role of anoxia and ferrous iron (2014, background): “Nevertheless, it has been argued in recent years that both P and N controls are needed to limit cyanobacteria biomass in eutrophic fresh waters rather than controlling P alone (Conley et al., 2009; Paerl & Scott, 2010; Lewis et al., 2011; Paerl et al., 2011a and b).”
Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Controls (2013, background): “Therefore, the “P only” paradigm for control of CyanoHAB blooms [128] needs to be revised [21, 73, 130].”
Harmful algal blooms: How strong is the evidence that nutrient ratios and forms influence their occurrence? (2012, background): “As human activity is thought to have increased N and P loads to coastal waters by different proportions (Falkowski, 2000; Conley et al., 2009), resultant changes in the N”
Ecosystem impacts of hypoxia: thresholds of hypoxia and pathways to recovery (2011, background): “These extended timescales render the recovery process a fragile one, as the recovery process may be interrupted by recurrent hypoxia events, aborting the incipient recovery, and arresting coastal ecosystems in periodic hypoxia, as observed in many coastal ecosystems (Conley et al 2009b).”