An argument for basic emotions

By Paul Ekman. 1992

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology

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Citations in the corpus

Multimodal Transformer for Unaligned Multimodal Language Sequences (2019, methodology): “We use Facet (iMotions, 2017) to indicate 35 facial action units, which records facial muscle movement (Ekman et al., 1980; Ekman, 1992) for representing per-frame basic and advanced emotions.”
Towards Empathetic Open-domain Conversation Models: A New Benchmark and Dataset (2018, background): “Multiple schemas have attempted to organize the spectrum of emotions, from a handful of basic emotions derived from biological responses (Ekman, 1992; Plutchik, 1984)”
DailyDialog: A Manually Labelled Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset (2017, methodology): “Ekman (1992) thinks that there are six primary and universal emotions in human beings: { Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, Surprise } .”
SemEval-2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets (2018, neutral): “According to the basic emotion model (aka the categorical model) (Ekman, 1992; Plutchik, 1980; Parrot, 2001; Frijda, 1988), some emotions, such as joy, sadness, and fear, are more basic than others—physiologically, cognitively, and in terms of the mechanisms to express these emotions.”
CARER: Contextualized Affect Representations for Emotion Recognition (2018, background): “In emotion recognition studies, Plutchik’s wheel of emotions (Plutchik, 2001) or Ekman’s six basic emotions (Ekman, 1992), are commonly adopted to de-ﬁne emotion categories (Mohammad, 2012; Sut-tles and Ide, 2013).”
On Releasing Annotator-Level Labels and Information in Datasets (2021, methodology): “1 While the emotion dataset contains annotations for 28 different emotions, in this work, for brevity, we focused on the annotations for only the six standard Ekman emotions (Ekman, 1992) — anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.”
#Emotional Tweets (2012, methodology): “Much of this work focuses on six Ekman emotions. There is less work on complex emotions, for example, work by Pearl and Steyvers (2010) that focuses on politeness, rudeness, embarrassment, formality, persuasion, deception, confidence, and disbelief. Bolen et al. (2009) measured tension, depression, ”
Beyond Binary Labels: Political Ideology Prediction of Twitter Users (2017, background): “The most studied model of discrete emotions is the Ekman model (Ekman, 1992; Strapparava and Mihalcea, 2008; Strapparava et al., 2004) which posits the existence of”
The co-occurrence of emotions in daily life: A multilevel approach (2005, unknown): “In terms of how emotions are dealt with, research relying on the first approach tends to measure dispositional affect or emotional traits (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), whereas research relying on the second approach tends to measure emotional states (Ekman, 1992; Frijda, 1986).”
Emergent Ghosts of the Emotion Machine (2010, background): “…the most intuitively satisfying—and certainly the most pervasive—view of emotion contends that neural entities called “emotions” serve as intermediaries between salient environmental stimuli and the behavioral, physiological, and subjective responses to those stimuli (Ekman, 1992; Izard, 2007).”
Emotionally-Aware Chatbots: A Survey (2019, background): “The most popular was proposed by [14] that diﬀerentiate emotion into six categories including anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.”
Curiosity and the pleasures of learning: Wanting and liking new information (2005, result): “To further elucidate the qualitative differences between CFI and CFD, it will be especially worthwhile to examine whether these aspects of curiosity have distinctive physiological markers, as has been found for other emotions in previous research (e.g., Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1990; Tomkins, 1970).”
Buddhist and Psychological Perspectives on Emotions and Well-Being (2005, background): “Those who take an evolutionary view of emotion (e.g., Cosmides & Tooby, 2000; Ekman, 1992) have proposed that emotions were adaptive over the history of the species and remain adaptive today.”
Emotions, feelings and intentionality (2002, unknown): “See Ekman (1992, 1994) for his list of “basic emotions”.”
Word Emotion Induction for Multiple Languages as a Deep Multi-Task Learning Problem (2018, background): “Ekman (1992), for instance, identiﬁes six Basic Emotions (Joy, Anger, Sadness, Fear, Disgust and Surprise).”
Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms (2003, background): “Dis - crete theories stem from Darwin and are defended by Tomkins ( 1962 ) , Ekman ( 1992 ) and Izard ( 1971 ) .”
Mind the gap : tracing the origins of human universals (2010, background): “One is adaptationism, viewing emotions as discrete adaptations for behavior regulation that evolved in response to challenges repeatedly confronting organisms over evolutionary time (Frijda 1986; Nesse 1990; Lazarus 1991; Ekman 1992; Tooby and Cosmides 2008).”