Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Mortality, Incidence, and Survival in the United States, 1950–2014: Over Six Decades of Changing Patterns and Widening Inequalities
By Gopal K Singh, A. Jemal. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2017
701 citations recorded by the source corpus.
We analyzed socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in US mortality, incidence, and survival rates from all-cancers combined and major cancers from 1950 to 2014. Census-based deprivation indices were linked to national mortality and cancer data for area-based socioeconomic patterns in mortality, incidence, and survival. The National Longitudinal Mortality Study was used to analyze individual-level socioeconomic and racial/ethnic patterns in mortality. Rates, risk-ratios, least squares, log-linear, and Cox regression were used to examine trends and differentials. Socioeconomic patterns in all-cancer, lung, and colorectal cancer mortality changed dramatically over time. Individuals in more deprived areas or lower education and income groups had higher mortality and incidence rates than their more affluent counterparts, with excess risk being particularly marked for lung, colorectal, cervical, stomach, and liver cancer. Education and income inequalities in mortality from all-cancers, lung, prostate, and cervical cancer increased during 1979–2011. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality widened as mortality in lower socioeconomic groups/areas declined more slowly. Mortality was higher among Blacks and lower among Asian/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics than Whites. Cancer patient survival was significantly lower in more deprived neighborhoods and among most ethnic-minority groups. Cancer mortality and incidence disparities may reflect inequalities in smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, diet, alcohol use, screening, and treatment.
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- Cancer statistics, 2024 (2024, background): “127 128 ‐ 130 Racial disparities in cancer diagnosis and treatment are continuously chronicled in the scientific literature.”
- Social Determinants of Health in the United States: Addressing Major Health Inequality Trends for the Nation, 1935-2016 (2017, background): “[2,3,15] However, substantial variations in health among various social groups and geographic areas continue to exist, and, in many instances, health disparities appear to be widening.[2,3,16-25] Social factors, whether expressed in terms of education, occupation, income, wealth, social class, ethni”