Forming the primary nitrite maximum: Nitrifiers or phytoplankton?

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Evidence for efficient regenerated production and dinitrogen fixation in nitrogen-deficient waters of the South Pacific Ocean: impact on new and export production estimates (2008, background): “…and nitrification studies have been performed in a variety Biogeosciences, 5, 323–338, 2008 www.biogeosciences.net/5/323/2008/ of marine environments (Ward et al., 1984; Codispoti and Christensen, 1985; Ward and Zafiriou, 1988), observations in the open ocean are rare (Lomas and Lipschultz, 2006).”
Depth distribution of ammonia oxidation rates and ammonia‐oxidizer community composition in the Sargasso Sea (2013, background): “…Beman et al. 2008; Newell et al. 2011), but nitrite can also be produced by phytoplankton during reduction of nitrate such that the relative importance of these two processes in maintaining the PNM has become a subject of debate (Kiefer et al. 1976; Lomas and Lipschultz 2006; Mackey et al. 2011).”