Statistics of vertical vorticity, divergence, and strain in a developed submesoscale turbulence field

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Interpreting Energy and Tracer Spectra of Upper-Ocean Turbulence in the Submesoscale Range (1–200 km) (2013, background): “Energetic submesoscale ﬂows can develop and dominate over the interior modes in the mixed layer (e.g., Fox-Kemper et al. 2008; Capet et al. 2008b; Shcherbina et al. 2013).”
Open-Ocean Submesoscale Motions: A Full Seasonal Cycle of Mixed Layer Instabilities from Gliders (2016, methodology): “We now modify our focus from only those in-stabilities that occur for PV , 0 and address other physical processes that may modify the stratiﬁcation of the mixed layer: restratiﬁcation due to surface ﬂuxes, surface wind forcing, and the release of potential energy by BCI (Stone 1966).”
Seasonality of submesoscale dynamics in the Kuroshio Extension (2016, background): “(4) Because vortices, fronts, and IGWs are ubiquitous at submesoscales, second-order statistics of vorticity, strain, and divergence highlight these fine lateral scales [e.g., Shcherbina et al., 2013].”
Mesoscale to submesoscale wavenumber spectra in Drake Passage (2016, unknown): “There is growing observational evidence for the importance of other mixed layer intensiﬁed motions that develop in response to mesoscale straining; these mixed layer submesoscale motions are ubiquitous features of the upper ocean (e.g., Shcherbina et al. 2013).”