On the first principle theory of nanogenerators from Maxwell's equations
By Zhong Lin Wang. 2020
599 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Abstract Nanogenerators (NGs) are a field that uses Maxwell's displacement current as the driving force for effectively converting mechanical energy into electric power/signal, which have broad applications in energy science, environmental protection, wearable electronics, self-powered sensors, medical science, robotics and artificial intelligence. NGs are usually based on three effects: piezoelectricity, triboelectricity (contact electrification), and pyroelectricity. In this paper, a formal theory for NGs is presented starting from Maxwell's equations. Besides the general expression for displacement vector D = eE used for deriving classical electromagnetic dynamics, we added an additional term Ps in D, which represents the polarization created by the electrostatic surface charges owing to piezoelectricity and/or triboelectricity as a result of mechanical triggering in NG. In contrast to P that is resulted from the electric field induced medium polarization and vanishes if E = 0, Ps remains even when there is no external electric field. We reformulated the Maxwell equations that include both the medium polarizations due to electric field (P) and non-electric field (such as strain) (Ps) induced polarization terms, from which, the output power, electromagnetic behavior and current transport equation for a NG are systematically derived. A general solution is presented for the modified Maxwell equations, and analytical solutions about the output potential are provided for a few cases. The displacement current arising from e∂E/∂t is responsible for the electromagnetic waves, while the newly added term ∂Ps/∂t is the application of Maxwell's equations in energy and sensors. This work sets the first principle theory for quantifying the performance and electromagnetic behavior of a nanogenerator in general.
Subfields: Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Polymers and Plastics
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/beba40b56a5b8cccc26396f2fbc812c4e9d47b1c
How researchers see this paper
The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.
In Biomedical Engineering
In Mechanical Engineering
In Polymers and Plastics
Citations in the corpus
- Promoting smart cities into the 5G era with multi-field Internet of Things (IoT) applications powered with advanced mechanical energy harvesters (2021, background): “…theory can be traced back to Maxwell ’ s displacement current as follows: Where J D is the electric displacement field, D is the electric displacement field, E is the electric field, P s is the polarization field arising from the surface charges, and ε is the permittivity of the medium [84,85].”
- Multidiscipline Applications of Triboelectric Nanogenerators for the Intelligent Era of Internet of Things (2022, unknown): “1a) [42, 43].”
- Recent progress of triboelectric nanogenerators: From fundamental theory to practical applications (2020, background): “Reproduced with permission.(46) Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.”
- Recent progress in blue energy harvesting for powering distributed sensors in ocean (2021, background): “The subsequent studies have confirmed that TENG can obtain electric power from "disordered" energy in various environments, such as wave energy, human motion, and vibration energy in the surrounding [191-198].”
- Progress in TENG technology—A journey from energy harvesting to nanoenergy and nanosystem (2020, background): “However, those technologies normally necessitate complicated structures and operate under high-frequency stimuli, with low transducing efficiency and low voltage output in the low-frequency domain, which dramatically constrains their potential applications in the intelligent world.(2,6,35-42) To ove”