Porosity testing methods for the quality assessment of selective laser melted parts

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Fatigue of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Part I: The effects of powder feedstock, manufacturing, and post-process conditions on the resulting microstructure and defects (2020, methodology): “Some common non-destructive methods of particular interest for defect characterization are the Archimedes method, gas pycnometry, and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) [86].”
X-Ray Microcomputed Tomography in Additive Manufacturing: A Review of the Current Technology and Applications (2018, unknown): “77 In situ deformation and temperature changes can be followed using specially designed stages, for example, as shown in Refs.”
Optimization and comparison of porosity rate measurement methods of Selective Laser Melted metallic parts (2019, methodology): “However, it appears that the micrographic cross sections method tends to underestimate the porosity rate, even if several cross sections are considered (parallel and perpendicular to the building direction), unlike [29] who shows similar results between the Archimedes method and the micrographic cro”