The effect of urbanization, affluence and trade openness on energy consumption: A time series analysis in Malaysia

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Does urbanization cause increasing energy demand in Pakistan? Empirical evidence from STIRPAT model (2017, background): “[41] found that Malaysian energy consumption is positively affected by Malaysian urbanization.”
Investigating the non-linear relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions: An empirical analysis (2019, methodology): “We employ urbanization to represent the population effect following Shahbaz et al. (2015a) and Xu and Lin (2015b) and include the quadratic term of urbanization following Bekhet and Othman (2017).”
How urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT model (2016, unknown): “The recent study of Shahbaz et al. (2015) found strong causal links between urbanization and energy consumption in Malaysia.”
The effect of new-type urbanization on energy consumption in China: a spatial econometric analysis (2017, background): “…on the impact of urbanization on energy consumption both at home and abroad (Sadorsky, 2013; Salim Ruhul and Shafiei, 2014; Wang, 2014; Wang et al., 2014; Wang and Yang, 2014; Li et al., 2015; Ren et al., 2015; Shahbaz et al., 2015; Al-Mulali and Ozturk, 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015).”
The impact of urbanization on energy intensity: Panel data evidence considering cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity (2017, background): “[63] yield that there is a unidirectional causality from urbanization to energy consumption in both short and long runs.”