Status and the stigma of incarceration: The labor-market effects of incarceration, by race, class, and criminal involvement

By Elizabeth M Pettit, Christopher J. Lyons. 2007

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Collateral Consequences of Punishment: A Critical Review and Path Forward (2018, methodology): “Studies using administrative data or instrumental variable strategies often find null or only weak effects of incarceration on later employment and wages/earnings (Kling 2006, Loeffler 2013, NRC 2014, Pettit & Lyons 2007).”
Post-Release Recidivism and Employment among Different Types of Released Offenders: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study in the United States (2014, background): “Ex-offenders were frequently kept from employment due to criminal background checks (Holzer, et al., 2004; Pettit & Lyons, 2007; Travis, 2005) or deficiencies in education and job skills (Fashey, et al., 2006; Hollin & Palmer, 2009; Rossman & Roman, 2003; Vacca, 2004).”
Compounded Disadvantage: Race, Incarceration, and Wage Growth (2011, background): “In addition, while wages tend to recover with time out of prison (Pettit and Lyons 2007), research finds that ex-inmates experience slower earnings growth after release compared to other young men whose wages rapidly increase through their twenties and thirties.”