Electrowetting: a model for contact-angle saturation

By V. Peykov, A. Quinn, John Ralston. 2000

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Actuation potentials and capillary forces in electrowetting based microsystems (2007, methodology): “Different explanations [11–14] have been proposed for the saturation phenomenon, we will use here the Peykov– Quinn–Ralston–Sedev (PQRS) model [2,3].”
Characterization of electrowetting actuation on addressable single-side coplanar electrodes (2006, background): “Several physical mechanisms for the saturation phenomenon, including a zero solid/liquid surface energy limit [22], a charge trapping [23], a material deficiency [24] and ionization of air [25], were proposed.”
Electrowetting: from basics to applications (2005, background): “Polymer materials that were used in previous electrowetting studies include parylene-N and parylene-C [22, 30, 32, 35, 37, 41, 67], conventional Teflon films [31, 67, 68], polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [69, 70], as well as various other commercial polymer foils of variable surface quality [31, 69, 71,”
Creating, transporting, cutting, and merging liquid droplets by electrowetting-based actuation for digital microfluidic circuits (2003, background): “In addition, contact angle saturation [28], [ 29 ], where the contact angle ceases to decrease with increasing applied voltage, is not taken into account in (3).”