Heat transfer behaviors in round tube with conical ring inserts

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Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer and pressure loss in a round tube fitted with circular-ring turbulators☆ (2010, methodology): “Thereafter, Promvonge [12] studied the effects of the conical ring turbulator arrangements which were converging conical ring (CR array), diverging conical ring (DR array) and converging-diverging conical ring (CDR array) on the heat transfer rate, friction factor and thermal performance factor.”
Experimental investigation of heat transfer and turbulent flow friction in a tube fitted with perforated conical-rings (2010, background): “Promvonge [11] investigated the effect of the conical ring turbulator arrangements (converging conical ring, referred to asCRarray, diverging conical-ring, DRarray and converging– diverging conical-ring, CDR array) on the heat transfer rate and friction factor.”