Graphene in biomedicine: opportunities and challenges.

By Liangzhu Feng, Zhuang Liu. Nanomedicine, 2011

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Towards full repair of defects in reduced graphene oxide films by two-step graphitization (2013, background): “energy conversion and storage [4], chemical and biological sensing [5, 6], catalysis [7] or biomedicine [8].”
Two-Dimensional Materials for Sensing: Graphene and Beyond (2015, background): “Graphene, a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms with a 2D hexagonal crystal structure, has shown great promise for applications such as electronics and photonics [21–24], energy conversion and storage [25–29], medicine [30–34], chemical and biological sensing [35–38], etc.”
UV light exposure of aqueous graphene oxide suspensions to promote their direct reduction, formation of graphene–metal nanoparticle hybrids and dye degradation (2012, background): “[9] Feng LZ, Liu ZA.”
Graphene microsheets enter cells through spontaneous membrane penetration at edge asperities and corner sites (2013, background): “The urgency to develop guidelines for manufacturing safer biomedical diagnostics and therapies (6, 18), as well as regulating occupational and environmental exposure (25, 26), justifies significant efforts to clarify the mechanisms of cell membrane interaction with carbon nanomaterials and with grap”
Biomedical Applications of Graphene (2012, background): “All of these have been thoroughly reviewed by Li, Lin and colleagues [18], Jiang [20], and others [17,19,21,76].”