Single track formation in selective laser melting of metal powders

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Differences in microstructure and properties between selective laser melting and traditional manufacturing for fabrication of metal parts: A review (2015, background): “[28] pointed out that the capillary force or Marangoni convection in the micro-molten pool caused the molten pool morphology to become unstable.”
Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing: Physics of complex melt flow and formation mechanisms of pores, spatter, and denudation zones (2015, background): “[23,24] observed the denudation zones experimentally and attributed it partially to particles in the immediate vicinity of the track as seen in this study.”
An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro- to micro-scales (2020, background): “Too high a scanning speed would lead to insufficient laser energy input resulting in the instability of melt pool resulting in the balling effect [75].”
Influence of energy density on metallurgy and properties in metal additive manufacturing (2017, result): “The earlier studies demonstrated that the formation of DZ only occurs in PBF processes [4,108,123,124], and only recently that researchers have found that the gaps on the sides of solidified tracks may contribute to porosity in the finished parts.”