Incorporating State-Dependent Temperature–Salinity Constraints in the Background Error Covariance of Variational Ocean Data Assimilation

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Interannual Variations of the Tropical Ocean Instability Wave and ENSO (2008, background): “Because improper behavior of some data assimilation systems has been reported (e.g., Bell et al. 2004; Ricci et al. 2005), quantitative validation of assimilation data is required.”
The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) 4-dimensional variational data assimilation systems Part I - System overview and formulation (2011, background): “At scales of the ocean mesoscale and larger, the dominant dynamical balances for the circulation initial condition increments, dx(t0) = x(t0) x(t0), are geostrophic balance and hydrostatic balance, while the properties of characteristic water masses provide useful correlations between T and S (Ricci”
System Design and Evaluation of Coupled Ensemble Data Assimilation for Global Oceanic Climate Studies (2007, methodology): “S relationship (Troccoli and Haines 1999; Troccoli et al. 2002; Han et al. 2004; Ricci et al. 2005).”
A multivariate balance operator for variational ocean data assimilation (2005, methodology): “Ricci et al. (2005) describe a simple variant of the Troccoli and Haines (1999) scheme for implementation within a linear balance operator.”