American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass

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Auditing black-box models for indirect influence (2016, background): “In the classic case of redlining [17], the decision-making process explicitly excluded race, but it used zipcode, which in a segregated environment is strongly linked to race.”
Towards a critical race methodology in algorithmic fairness (2019, neutral): “[76, 99]).”
Where is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States* (2014, background): “Mitnik et al. (2014) obtain larger estimates of the dollar-weighted IGE (around 0.”