The ‘hygiene hypothesis’ for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update

By H. Okada, C. Kuhn, H. Feillet, J. Bach. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2010

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Celiac disease: a comprehensive current review (2019, background): “croorganisms also have been linked with a steep increase in autoimmune disorders in industrialized countries during the past 40 years [1, 16].”
Epidemiology of gastric cancer: global trends, risk factors and prevention (2018, background): “pylori, increases the risk of certain autoimmune disorders later in life, while also enabling the spread of antibiotic resistance [17].”
The Hologenome Concept: Human, Animal and Plant Microbiota (2014, result): “Interestingly, and in accord with the ‘‘hygiene hypothesis’’ (Okada et al. 2010), the incidence of these diseases has risen in the last 40 years in all parts of the world that moved from a traditional to a modern way of life.”