Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Liquids

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The influences of admixtures on the dispersion, workability, and strength of carbon nanotube-OPC paste mixtures (2012, methodology): “However, chemical functionalization of the CNT surface has the potential for damage to the CNTs following this treatment [11,15].”
A carbon nanotube strain sensor for structural health monitoring (2006, background): “Even with multiple approaches, the dispersion of nanotubes is very challenging and the process depends on the quality and surface morphology of the nanotubes [17–19].”
Polymers with aligned carbon nanotubes: Active composite materials (2008, methodology): “Multi-walled tubes can get shorter and thinner, going through a layer by layer un-wrapping process [31,41]; SWNTs are also reported significantly shortened, with ‘‘dented’’ openings created on the sidewall [42].”
NANOTUBES AS POLYMERS (2009, neutral): “As noted above, ultrasonication can cause SWNTs to break [193,194], and similar effects are observed for ball-milling and grinding [195].”
Polymer brush synthesis on surface modified carbon nanotubes via in situ emulsion polymerization (2016, background): “Aggressive chemical functionalization with strong acids at high temperatures introduces structural defects and inferior CNT properties [25].”