Multiple-antenna channel hardening and its implications for rate feedback and scheduling

By Bertrand M. Hochwald, T. Marzetta, Vahid Tarokh. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2004

679 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Computer Networks and Communications, Electrical and Electronic Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bbc98335d9ed5a04cd8551fe1178082aa969561d

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In Computer Networks and Communications

In Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Citations in the corpus

Rayleigh Fading Modeling and Channel Hardening for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (2020, background): “Rayleigh fading channels give rise to so-called channel hardening, where the SNR variations average out (in relative terms) as the number of antennas increases [6], [16].”
On the capacity of MIMO broadcast channels with partial side information (2005, background): “There has been a line of work studying scheduling algorithms in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channels [5] with the main result being that, due to channel hardening in MIMO systems, many of the multiuser gains disappear.”
User-Centric Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks: A Survey of Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions (2021, background): “In such problem types, it is impractical to optimize the PA based on a rate-based utility because the users to be scheduled are still not chosen.”
Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications (2005, background): “Moreover, as the diversity order is increased, the channel becomes hardened quickly, in that variance of the channel capacity, relative to its mean, decreases rapidly [54].”
Capacity limits of MIMO channels (2003, background): “The proportionality constant of this linear increase, called the rate of growth, has also been characterized in [15], [31], [68], [69].”
Cellular, Wide-Area, and Non-Terrestrial IoT: A Survey on 5G Advances and the Road Toward 6G (2021, background): “in practice, the impact of fast fading can be largely under control, hence, cellular communication technologies typically rely on the channel hardening effect of MIMO to mitigate the effect of small-scale fading [142].”
Guaranteeing Secrecy using Artificial Noise (2008, background): “The expectation in the final equation is over {λi}, which are the eigenvalues of the Wishart matrix G̃2G̃ † 2, which have the following distribution [17], [18].”
Dirty-paper coding versus TDMA for MIMO Broadcast channels (2005, background): “,M !1) but the number of transmit antennas in this point-to-point model (KN) is kept fixed, then the capacity of the point-to-point system grows as KN log 1 + MP KN [16].”
Uplink Performance of Wideband Massive MIMO With One-Bit ADCs (2016, background): “In hardened channels [33], however, the rate is achievable for any single channel realization with high probability.”