Gravitational vacuum condensate stars.

By P. Mazur, E. Mottola. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004

709 citations recorded by the source corpus.

A new final state of gravitational collapse is proposed. By extending the concept of Bose-Einstein condensation to gravitational systems, a cold, dark, compact object with an interior de Sitter condensate p(v) = -rho(v) and an exterior Schwarzschild geometry of arbitrary total mass M is constructed. These regions are separated by a shell with a small but finite proper thickness l of fluid with equation of state p = +rho, replacing both the Schwarzschild and de Sitter classical horizons. The new solution has no singularities, no event horizons, and a global time. Its entropy is maximized under small fluctuations and is given by the standard hydrodynamic entropy of the thin shell, which is of the order k(B)lMc/Planck's over 2 pi, instead of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula, S(BH) = 4 pi k(B)GM(2)/Planck's over 2 pi c. Hence, unlike black holes, the new solution is thermodynamically stable and has no information paradox.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bbbc17a5329d54f4cd2b95618d2e6e5e43f1f980

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Citations in the corpus

Superradiance: Energy Extraction, Black-Hole Bombs and Implications for Astrophysics and Particle Physics (2015, background): “The latter is effectively replaced by a transition layer and the BH interior by a segment of de Sitter space [536].”
Constraints on black-hole charges with the 2017 EHT observations of M87* (2021, background): “This shadow— which can obviously be associated with black holes [52– 57], but also more exotic compact objects such as gravastars [58,59] or naked singularities [60,61]—is determined entirely by the underlying spacetime metric.”
Detecting high-frequency gravitational waves with microwave cavities (2021, background): “Examples of such exotic compact objects are boson and fermion stars [82–85], gravitino stars [86], gravistars [87], and dark matter blobs [88].”
Black holes in general relativity (2009, background): “1 where the horizon would otherwise have formed [42, 43].”
Quantum-gravity effects outside the horizon spark black to white hole tunneling (2014, background): “[6] P.”
Tests for the existence of black holes through gravitational wave echoes (2017, background): “[1] Mazur, PO and Mottola, E, Gravitational vacuum condensate stars.”
A coordinate-independent characterization of a black hole shadow (2015, background): “General relativity predicts, in fact, that photons circling the black hole slightly inside the boundary of the photon sphere 1 Strictly speaking, also an horizon-less object such as a gravastar (Mazur & Mottola 2004) would lead to a shadow.”
Challenges and opportunities of gravitational-wave searches at MHz to GHz frequencies (2020, background): “There are also more exotic possibilities, such as gravastars [51].”