Triple Helix twins: innovation and sustainability

By Henry Etzkowitz, Chunyan Zhou. 2006

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Universities, knowledge networks and regional policy (2008, background): “…‘entrepreneurial’ or ‘generative’ institutions where the spillover of knowledge is the result of strategic internal re-organization which facilitates the development of incubators or science parks and human capital development programs (Etzkowitz, 2006; Etzkowitz and Zhou, 2006; Gunasekara, 2006).”
Modelling the smart city performance (2012, methodology): “The analysis started from a revised notion of triple helix considering that civil society usually plays a prominent role toward the realization of sustainable development in cities (Etzkowitz and Zhou 2006).”
The Economic and Innovation Contribution of Universities: A Regional Perspective (2009, background): “The triple helix model formalises this role and views universities as increasingly ‘entrepreneurial’ or ‘generative’ institutions where the spillover of knowledge is the result of strategic internal reorganisation facilitating the development of infrastructure such as incubators or science parks as ”
Theorizing the Triple Helix model: Past, present, and future (2020, background): “However, Etzkowitz and Zhou (2006) consider that “adding a fourth helix might cause the triadic model to lose its … dynamic properties of a tertius gaudens”.”