Overview of the main outcomes in breast-cancer prevention trials.

By Jack Cuzick, T. Powles, U. Veronesi, J. Forbes, R. Edwards, S. Ashley, P. Boyle. The Lancet, 2003

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The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality (2004, background): “Prevention trials have shown that tamoxifen lowers breast cancer incidence by 30–40% in high-risk women [82].”
Cancer incidence and mortality in Europe, 2004. (2005, background): “Prospects for primary prevention are unclear at present and tamoxifen no longer appears to be a candidate for chemoprevention in the general population of women [ 13 ].”
Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancer (2017, background): “A summary of these studies demonstrated a 38% general decline in breast cancer occurrence for females at increased danger of breast cancer who administered tamoxifen for the period of 5 years and also indicated that tamoxifen inhibits only estrogen receptor positive breast cancers (RR ~ 50%) with ”
Mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance. (2004, positive): “Tamoxifen may also have clinical utility as a preventative agent for hormone-dependent breast cancer (Cuzick et al. 2003).”
Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research. (2005, result): “The findings of 20 highly cited articles (44%) were replicated (also with a larger sample size in subsequent research compared with the original highly cited study) and 11 (24%) had remained largely unchallenged.(58-78)”
Risk Factors and Preventions of Breast Cancer (2017, background): “However, no significant reduction has been observed in ER-negative tumors [98,99].”