Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both.

By Cameron C. McIntyre, M. Savasta, L. Kerkerian-Le Goff, J. Vitek. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2004

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An optical neural interface: in vivo control of rodent motor cortex with integrated fiberoptic and optogenetic technology (2007, methodology): “First, important clinical utility will result from application of this method to animal models of DBS, for example in Parkinsonian rats [63–65], to identify the target cell types responsible for therapeutic effects (an area of intense debate and immense clinical importance [13, 66]).”
Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. (2005, neutral): “Possible mechanisms include DBS-induced activation of inhibitory GABA-ergic afferents and/or high frequency stimulation induced synaptic or metabolic failure (Gabbott et al., 1997; Lozano et al., 2002; McIntyre et al., 2004).”
Closed-loop deep brain stimulation is superior in ameliorating parkinsonism. (2011, neutral): “However, the role of these oscillations as the neuronal correlate of PD motor symptoms is still debated (Hammond et al., 2007; Leblois et al., 2007; Lozano and Eltahawy, 2004; McIntyre et al., 2004; Tass et al., 2010; Vitek, 2002; Weinberger et al., 2009).”